Moving towards Low Carbon Economy- Pakistan Perspective

IntroductionWorld is facing the grave challenges as a result of global warming, change in natural landscape, ecosystem, topography and climate. These changes are projected to result in more droughts, floods and reduction of water availability. Apart form that weakening of carbon removal by terrestrial ecosystem, unpredictable food production, coastal erosion, sea level rise, increase in sea surface temperature (1-30C) and resulting coral mortality has been projected by the scientific community. In 2004, annual Carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan were 0.125669 (in million tons) and 0.81 (tons) of carbon dioxide emissions per capita (UNMDGI, 2007). Therefore, Pakistan is also on the verge of the predicted climatic changes and resulting effects mentioned earlier. IPCC prepared six emission scenarios based on economic growth, population growth rate and fragmented technological changes i.e. A1FI, A1T, A1B, A2, B1, and B2 in Annex I. Pakistan appears to fall under B2 scenario. This is due to continuous increase in population, intermediate levels of economic development, less rapid and more fragmented technological change. Furthermore, emphasis on local economic, social and environmental stability solutions is also responsible in Pakistan. With a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C projected temperature rise for Pakistan following under B2 scenario is estimated to be 2.4 °C. Sea level rise is expected to be [20 to 43 cm] (8 to 17 inches) (IPCC, 2007).


Sectoral Classification of Sources of Green House Gases in Pakistan

Based on guidelines developed by IPCC, GHGs producing sectors in Pakistan are divided into five sectors i.e. energy, industrial processes, agriculture, land-use change and forestry and waste. Major contributor to CO2 emissions is the energy sector, contributing 81% of total CO2 emissions. The forestry and land use change sector accounted for 7% of CO2 emissions, while industrial processes accounted for 12%. The primary source of CH4 emissions in the Pakistan is agriculture sector responsible for 87% of all CH4 emissions, while emissions from fugitive sources and waste management accounted for the remainder of CH4 emissions.



The 81% of N2O emissions also came from the agriculture sector, with the remaining emissions coming from human sewage and the energy sector. NOx emissions can be attributed almost entirely to the energy sector with the transport sector being the major source (PINCCC, 2003).

Net Carbon Release in Pakistan

On one hand Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing but on the other hand CO2 is naturally consumed by forests, soil/vegetation and oceans. This consumption of CO2 somewhat balances its emission. Pakistan net carbon release is 1780.1 kilotonnes, while estimated annual carbon release and uptake are 13,231.2 and 11,451.0 kilotonnes (PINCCC, 2003).



Improvement in Air QualityThe present levels of air pollution have prompted many cities to undertake measures to improve air quality. These measures include the introduction of lead-free petrol and low-sulphur diesel; the introduction of vehicle emission control standards and a mandatory regular vehicle inspection system; the promotion of cleaner fuels like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) for commercial vehicles; the banning and phasing out of certain types of vehicles; restrictions on diesel vehicles; and transport demand management.





Renewable Energy Planning in Pakistan



Despite the development of number of energy policies and plans, the priority accorded to renewable energy in Pakistan remains very low. Whereas acknowledgement of renewable resources as an alternative source of energy has prevailed in most of policy and plan document, little substantive actions has been taken for meaningful development and almost no specific incentives have been offered to encourage the nurturing of full fledged industry based on alternate technologies.

The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), which was approved by GOP in 1992, became a component in Eighth Five Year Plan, provided first all encompassing framework for addressing environmental concerns in the country.



A joint effort at both the Government and Private sector level is needed to meet the up coming challenges. The alternate energy sources are indigenous and can contribute to reduce dependency on energy imports. A little true effort to form a long term policy for the promotion of renewable energies requires across the board initiatives encompassing a wide range of policies pertaining to energy, environment, employment, incentives, taxation relief, competitive return on investment, funding for research and development

Current Interventions for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases in Pakistan

Due to increase in GHGs, economy of Pakistan is under stress. There is a need to formulate policies on national level to combat this situation. One option may be the research on the potential of Carbon sequestration in the country. This can be done by taking initiatives for mitigation including planning and deploying available best technologies to reduce the risks. Public and private collaborative research and development for innovative technologies is also the need of the hour.



For example the mitigation measures for energy sector could be the adoption of renewable energy sources i.e., wind power, solar thermal, waste/biomass, and biofuels and use of nuclear energy by taking safety considerations into account. Emissions from old power plants can be reduced by switching from coal to natural gas. Emission form non-energy sectors can be reduced by promotion of recycling, reuse of waste, limited use of waste incinerators and promotion of plantation to act as sinks.



Similarly, agro-industrial residues can be used for anaerobic conversion into biogas as a good substitute of fossil fuel in power generation. Apart from reduction in Carbon dioxide emission use of agro-industrial residues for biogas production and can also reduce methane emissions by treating the residues in controlled anaerobic system. Injection of CO2 for the enhanced recovery of oils is also being employed by various countries


Fuel Efficiency in Road Transport Sector

ENERCON initiated Fuel Efficiency in Road Transport Sector (FERTS) project to reduce the source emissions of GHGs from the vehicles by improving the fuel consumption efficiency. Vehicle engine tune-up technologies have also been promoted in the country under this initiative.

National Awareness campaign on Energy and Environment Conservation

The project is aimed to promote national energy use in the country by creating awareness on the benefits of efficient use of energy in the country among masses. Different activities have been introduced for promotion of conservation of energy in various sectors of society leading to reduction of emissions of GHGs.

Wind Project

Pakistan’s coastal belt and deserts are blessed with potential of wind energy. The available wind corridor in Pakistan is 60 km wide and 180 km long and has the exploitable potential of 50,000 MW of electricity. Windmills have been installed in the some rural locations in Pakistan on experimental basis for generation of electricity on the micro scale.


Solar Home Systems

Government has approved the installation of solar home systems in Balochistan and Sindh after successful experimental use of solar photovoltaic cell for conversion of solar energy to electricity for lighting, solar concentration cooking and solar water disinfector in the remote areas of the country.

Biomass/Waste to Energy Project

AEDB has conducted the pilot studies of biogas for municipal solid waste and waste water to generate electricity. On the basis of pilot studies it intends to install large scale biogas plant for energy generation in the world with collaboration of New Zealand Aid (NZAID).

Biofuel

Pakistan is an agricultural country and there is an option to generate fuels from organic sources like ethanol waste oils and oil seeds. AEDB has conducted pilot projects for biodiesel production plant installations in Sindh for electrification of villages and use of ethanol as transport fuel.

Conclusion

Pakistan is not expected to be a major player in global warming, although its energy based emissions are a major source of pollution and environmental damage within the country. On the other hand, Pakistan is vulnerable to the consequences of climate change & our thoughts and awareness shape the world. Anger, fear, separation and greed are the thoughts that hold sway in our modern world, this is what allows us to exploit the natural world with no thought for the future, this is what allows us to oppress and exploit other people through our lifestyle.

How to add value during quality audit

We hear so much about the importance of “adding value” during quality management systems (QMS) audits, but what does this really mean? Is it possible to add value without compromising the integrity of the audit or providing consultancy? In principle, all audits should add value, but this is not always the case.


There are several dictionary definitions of “value”, but all focus on the concept of something being useful. “Adding value” therefore means to make something more useful.

Some organizations have used ISO 9000 series of standards to develop quality management systems that are integrated into the way they do business, and are useful in helping them to achieve their strategic business objectives – in other words they add value for the organization. Conversely, other organizations may have simply created a bureaucratic set of procedures and records that do not reflect the reality of the way the organization actually works, and simply add costs, without being useful. In other words, they do not “add value”.

In order to “add value”, a third-party audit should be useful to the certified organization





1) By providing information to top management regarding the organization’s ability to meet strategic objectives

2) By identifying problems which, if resolved, will enhance the organization’s performance,

3) By identifying improvement opportunities and possible areas of risk,

4) To the organization’s customers by enhancing the organization’s ability to provide conforming product,

5) To the certification body, by improving the credibility of the third party certification process.



The approach to “adding value” is likely to be a function of the level of maturity of the organization’s quality culture and the maturity of its QMS, with respect to the requirements of ISO 9001.

Some tips for the auditor on how to add value



1) Understand the auditee’s expectations/corporate culture

2) Any specific concerns to be addressed (output from previous audits)?

3) Risk analysis of industry sector / specific to organization.

4) Pre-evaluation of statutory/regulatory requirements

5) Appropriate audit team selection to achieve audit objectives

6) Adequate time allocation



Focus more on the process, and less on procedures.



7) Focus more on results and less on records.

8) Remember the 8 Quality Management Principles

9) Use the “Plan-Do-Check-Act” approach to evaluate the organization’s process effectiveness.

10) Has the process been planned?

11) Is it being carried out according to plan?

12) Are the planned results being achieved?

13) Are opportunities for improvement being identified and implemented?

14) Adopt a “holistic” approach to evidence gathering throughout the audit, instead of focusing on individual clauses of ISO 9001

15) Put the findings into perspective (Risk assessment / “common sense”).



Relate findings to the effect on the organization’s ability to provide conforming product



16) Sensible reporting of audit findings.

17) Ensure that any cultural aspects are taken into consideration

18) Emphasize positive findings as appropriate

19) Reports should be objective and focused on the right “audience”. (Top management will probably have expectations that are different from those of the management representative).

Car Consumer Psychology in Pakistan

Pakistan is currently one of the biggest car consumers around the world. The total contribution of Automobile sector in GDP of Pakistan was 2.8% in 2007 when Automobile consumption was at its peak in Pakistan. Also, Pakistan's industry is basically manufacturing oriented & Automobile sector contributes 16% to the overall manufacturing in our homeland.

All the above mentioned facts & figures are entirely dependent on the car consumer who has the capability to accept & appreciate one automobile producer's products, while discard another.

The Car consumer psychology in Pakistan is basically very limited & concentrated to certain automobile manufacturers. While if any other manufacturer intends to introduce their automobile products, it almost becomes impossible to for the new comer to diversify the vision of the consumer, even through proper marketing. This is due to the influence of certain Japanese car manufacturers who have developed a strong hold on various categories of car production in Pakistan namely reliability, availability & most importantly cost.





The truth however remains, about the little knowledge of the consumer to conduct market survey when he intends to own an automobile. Automobile purchase in Pakistan is entirely dependent on what others purchase. Generally it is seen that once an individual decides to purchase an automobile he generally considers his range first & keeping that range in mind he just concentrates on the most popular car of that respective category. The best example to prove this point as evidence is the low rate of success of Korean cars in Pakistan. When KIA & Hyundai introduced their sedans & hatchbacks respectively; back in the year 2000, hoping to give their Japanese counterparts a stiff competition through competitive rates of their vehicles & spare parts; unfortunately they failed quite badly.





This was due to the monopoly of the Japanese manufactures in the market, which are considered to be the most reliable in Pakistan. I absolutely agree that the vehicles manufactured under the Japanese banner are reliable & cost effective too, but I emphasize that today the standards of car manufacturing have increased globally. Korean car manufacturing giants KIA & Hyundai are well respected in American as well as European markets. This is due to the high standards of comfort, reliability & drive characteristics offered by their Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUV’s & MPV’s at almost similar or even cheaper rates in comparison to Japanese manufacturers.

The question that arises in my mind after considering all these facts is just that if the European & American market is ready to accept the Korean car manufacturers then why couldn’t we? Why we remain ignorant to these facts or are we pretending to be ignorant?





Market survey in Pakistan chiefly means that the car an individual is about to purchase is either easily repairable or not & whether the spare parts are available at low rates or not. Other than these two basic facts the purchaser never bothers about any other aspect regarding the vehicle he is about to purchase.

One of the key aspects is Safety of the vehicle incase of head on/side on impacts & rollover. While purchasing a vehicle the purchaser absolutely neglects the safety parameters offered by the vehicle he is about to purchase. The only obligatory safety parameter in Pakistani Automobile market is the presence of seat belts, other than that the presence of Crumple zones & SRS Airbags is an kept just as an option by the manufacturers & that too only for the highly priced brands.



Another safety feature that has entered our car market about four years ago is the presence of Anti locking Braking system (ABS). This is also limited to only the highly priced vehicles and that too in the optional category.





Now I would like to highlight this fact with an example. Let us suppose a consumer is intentional to purchase a car of 1300cc engine displacement category & he is offered two cars of almost same cost; One having more passenger & boot space but less safety features like the absence of Airbags & ABS while the other having these safety features present but a compact body shell offering less space, it will be generally seen that the individual will opt. for the vehicle with more space neglecting the importance of safety features. If he is asked about the reason of taking such a decision the probable answer heard is “Basically I am a family man so a car offering more passenger space for my family & a boot that offers good capacity for my luggage is all that I need”.

Ignorance to Safety which is one of the major aspects of a vehicle results in fatal casualties sadly. It has to be accepted that Safety features introduced by European & American car manufacturers not so long ago, like the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Traction Control (TC) & Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD) are unheard of here in Pakistan, also the presence of 7 Airbags which include curtain Airbags is something unimaginable in our country, but utilizing the safety parameters made available by the local manufacturers is entirely up to the consumer.





Other minute aspects are the looks & dive performance of the vehicle. It is generally seen that a car that offers better visual design features is appreciated even if it offers much worse drive characteristics than its competitor with duller looks.





Pakistan is a developing country offering immense scope for car manufacturing & consumption. As we all say this today that Cars have become intelligent these days due to the usage to electronic components that reduce emissions & maintain great fuel economy, I personally hope that the consumers in Pakistan should also utilize their intelligence while purchasing a vehicle in order to receive much better rewards in terms of better drive, comfort & good safety parameters for the price they pay for their vehicle, & avoid themselves from exploitation by the presence of monopoly in our market

CROSS-COUNTRY ROAD SHOW OF DAEWOO BUSES

As part of the recent launching ceremony of International Quality    Daewoo Buses held in Karachi, a Cross-Country Road Show was organized by the marketing department of Daewoo Pak Motors in Different cities of Pakistan started from Karachi to Rawalpindi.
                   

SADIQABAD

The marketing team of Daewoo Pak Motors, lead by the Manager Marketing & Sales, Mr. Mohammad Faisal Meraj, along with the fleet of BH116, BH115, BF120 and a Mobile Service Van, left Karachi at 12 noon and reached Sadiqabad  at 10 pm. A warm welcome was given by the local transporters as well as the Daewoo Pak Motors’ Regional Office team.

Very next morning, a special arrangement was made for product display at the Terminal of Manthar Coach, courtesy to Mr. Nadeem Abbas Cheema, the owner of Manthar Coach. All the major transporters of Sadiqabad city including Al-Makkah Coach, Waraich Coach, Sadiqabad Coach, Makkah Coach, Moon Cheema Coach, President Lines, Pak Madina Coach, Baba Farid Coach and various others visited the event.

The transporters highly appreciated the unmatched international quality standards of Daewoo Buses including BH116, The first & only locally manufactured Rear Engine Air Suspension Bus with 340 HP, BH115, Rear Engine with 310 HP, BF120 Front Engine with 240 HP.
The transporters also lauded the After Sales Mobile Service facility through company designed dedicated Mobile Service Vans.

MULTAN

After hitting the ground running at Sadiqabad, the marketing team moved forward to hit the thriving public transport market at Multan. The venue selected was the Main City Terminal near Vehari Chowk at Multan. The local transporters especially Mr. Haji Sher Mohammad of Sher-e-Islam Motors forwarded their hands not only to welcome the team at his showroom but also made efforts to ensure the arrangements done on time.

The event kicked off the very next morning at the heart of the City Bus Terminal under the extremely hot climate averaging 48˚c. Distinguish guests from the transport industry in Multan flocked the venue to inspect the unmatched international quality standards of Daewoo Buses including BH116, BH115, BF120 Front Engine.
The guests were also shown the fully equipped dedicated After Sales Mobile Service van which was also lauded by the transporters.

LAHORE

The cultural capital of Pakistan was also the centre stage for the Launching campaign of Daewoo Buses in Pakistan which was to be held at Daewoo Abdullah Motors, the newly established 3S Dealership of Daewoo Buses for the Lahore region; also to mark the opening of the 3S dealership.

Mr. Salman Zafar, the Chief Executive of Daewoo Abdullah Motors greeted the marketing team along with his staff at late night. The next day was spent till midnight to get the whole hog preparing for the grand show of Daewoo Buses and Daewoo Trucks.

The management of Daewoo Pak Motors including The CEO, Mr. Y.K. Nam; Vice CEO, Mr. Mohammad Ayub Khan, Director Marketing & Sales Mr. Tahir Javed; made their presence on the stage to welcome Guests of Honor like Mr. Chaudhry Mohammad Iqbal, President Punjab Bus Owners Association and Mr. Azam Khan Niazi, Chairman Niazi Express Bus Service.

Distinguished guests from across the board i.e. Public Transporters of Inter-City/City, Goods Transporters, Automobile Vendors, Govt. Officials, Corporate Instititutes and Print/Electronic Media, actively chipped in to be a part of the launching event of Globally acclaimed Daewoo brands.

The event kicked off at 11am at the dealership with the recitation of Holy Quran. After the recitation, introductory speech was delivered by The Director Marketing & Sales, Mr. Tahir Javed in which he highlighted the Global scenario of Daewoo Bus Corporation as well as the vision and objective of the Joint Venture agreement of Daewoo Bus Corporation Korea and Afzal Motors (Pvt.) Ltd Pakistan.
Mr. Y.K Nam, CEO of Daewoo Pak Motors addressing the occasion also underlined the differentiating features of Daewoo Products Especially BH116, The first & only locally manufactured Rear Engine Air Suspension Bus with 340 HP, BH115, Rear Engine with 310 HP, BF120 Front Engine with 240 HP and BH115 CNG, the only certified dedicated CNG Rear Engine Bus in Pakistan with 240 HP.

Mr. Salman Zafar, Chairman Daewoo Abdullah Motors also addressed on the occasion to express his gratitude to the management of DPML for designating  Daewoo Abdullah Motors as a 3S dealer for the Lahore region. He lauded the efforts and cooperation extended by DPML management to establish the dealership.

Later on the ribbon cutting ceremony, to mark the grand opening of Daewoo Abdullah Motors, was held in the office chaired by the CEO & Vice CEO of DPML. The prominent presence of Print & Electronic Media brought the event in the limelight for many days.

FAISALABAD

After marking the strong impression at Lahore, the marketing team of Daewoo Pak Motors moved forward to thump the booming transport market at Multan. The venue selected was the Terminal of Nadir Coach at Abdullah Pur Chowk, courtesy to Mr. Israar Ahmed Khan, Chairman Nadir Coach and Khan Coach Faisalabad . Mr. Israar not only forwarded his hands to welcome the  team at his showroom but also made efforts to ensure the arrangements done on time.
The event kicked off  in the morning and distinguished guests from the transport industry in Faisalabad flocked the venue to inspect  the unmatched international quality standards of Daewoo Buses.
Later in the evening the marketing team was welcomed at the terminal of Kohistan Coaches. Mr. Khalid Bashir of Bashir & Sons, Mr. Haji Ashraf of Manarwela Group, Mr. Yaseen Gujjar of Gujjar Group and others greeted the marketing team at the Kohistan Luxury Coach bus terminal. The transporters inspected the buses and found the quality and luxury a unique and unmatched experience.
Later on we took the buses along with other transporters to the Owner of Kohistan Coaches, Mr. Shahid Nazir. He specially took the ride of the buses and expressed his complete satisfaction towards the performance and showed high interest to induct the buses. 

RALWAPINDI                                                                                                                       

The launching event of Daewoo Pak Motors at Rawalpindi was like putting last jewel in the crown. The event was planned at Daewoo Bus & Trucks’ Showroom located at Naseerabad, GT Road in Rawalpindi.

The Chief Guest Mr. EON SHIN, The Ambassador of Republic of South Korea, and the Guest of Honor Mr. Aftab Ahmed Khan Sherpao, the Ex-Federal Interior Minister Govt. of Pakistan; were warmly greeted by The Chairman of Daewoo Pak Motors Mr. Haji Mohammad Gufran alongwith Mr. Y.K. Nam, CEO; Mr. Mohammad Ayub Khan, Vice CEO; Mr. Y.G. Kim, Director Marketing & Sales-DPML; Mr. Tahir Javed, Director Marketing & Sales and Mr. Mohammad Faisal Meraj, Manager Marketing & Sales.

The event kicked off at 11am at the Showroom with the recitation of Holy Quran. After the recitation, introductory speech was delivered by The Director Marketing & Sales, Mr. Tahir Javed in which he highlighted the Global scenario of Daewoo Bus Corporation as well as the vision and objective of the Joint Venture agreement of Daewoo Bus Corporation Korea and Afzal Motors (Pvt.) Ltd Pakistan.

The Chief Guest Mr. EON SHIN, The Ambassador of Republic of South Korea, while addressing the occasion highlighted the significance of the first Korean Commercial manufacturer’s investment in Pakistan that will be a milestone in the relations between the two countries. He also expressed that the foreign Director Investment by Daewoo Bus Corporation not only injected new capital investment but also brought new Technology in shape of Machinery Equipment and skill of Human Resources.

Mr. Y.K Nam, CEO of Daewoo Pak Motors addressing the occasion also underlined the differentiating features of Daewoo Products which have been tested in all terrains in Pakistan and we claim with utter confidence that Daewoo buses are best in Fuel Economy, Comfort, Safety and longer life that will ensure fleet operation to get their investment return in shortest time compared to all buses in market.

Hinopak Motors Limited

Hinopak Motors Limited assembles, manufactures and markets world renowned Hino diesel trucks and buses in Pakistan.
The Company has held the top position in the domestic market for medium and heavy-duty vehicles for 17 consecutive years and is highly acclaimed for quality and technological excellence.

WHY CARBURETOR IS REPLACED BY EFI

What would fuel injection be without a computer controlling all its functions? Less powerful? Sure. Less efficient? Certainly. A heck of a lot more popular? We think so. We'd venture to say that most gear heads, ourselves included, are naturally wary of trusting a mysterious "black box" to control fuel and spark inside a several thousand worth of engine. Carburetors and distributors at least look the part. You can't blip the throttle and check the pump shot in EFI. There are no jets or metering rods to play with. Heck, most ECU’s aren't even mounted in the engine compartment. However, the functionality says it all.

How Carburetor Works:

A carburetor takes advantage of the venturi effect to meter a certain fixed ratio of fuel and air into the engine. A sharp "step" in each throttle bore accelerates the incoming air stream, increasing its velocity and creating a region of lower pressure under the fuel booster. The size of the main jets controls the amount of fuel that's drawn out of the discharge nozzles. Then it's drawn into the cylinders, compressed, and fired.
Now we've got the most bare-bones of carburetors that mix a certain amount of fuel for a certain amount of air we allow to pass through the Venturi, giving us a constant air/fuel ratio. If we change the main jets, the mixture will become richer or leaner--but it'll stay richer or leaner across the entire rpm range. If you need to vary the air/fuel ratio for economical cruising (leaner) or richen it for maximum power at wide-open throttle, this system won't do anything for you. Hence, change of plans.

How EFI Works:

A modern multi port EFI system works differently than a carburetor. No venturi here--fuel isn’t introduced into the engine until the injectors spray it into the base of the intake runners, so the only thing that’s mechanically metered is the air that’s sucked through the throttle body. Since the mixture of air and fuel can’t tumble around inside the intake runners, the injectors spray a fine mist of fuel at high pressure, which "forces" it to mix almost instantly with the metered air. Changing the air/fuel ratio is simply accomplished by varying the amount of time that the injectors are spraying fuel (usually measured in pulse-width, the number of milliseconds each injector is turned on).

Main Metering Circuit:

A carburetor’s main metering circuit operates solely on the venturi principle, which by it would fit our needs perfectly if a car ran only at a constant load and rpm, such as up a slight hill in First gear. But in the real world, engine load changes, and selecting the proper main jet size is only the first step in creating a well-tuned street machine. Carburetors keep the engine properly fueled over a range of conditions by sensing vacuum (engine load) and kicking in additional fuel via its enrichment circuits. Modern EFI systems use "maps"--a table of numbers corresponding to certain parameters (i.e., rpm) saved in the onboard computer to tell the injectors how much fuel is needed at any conceivable operating point. The base fuel map tells the injectors how much fuel to spray at a certain rpm for a given engine load. This isn’t a direct analogy to a carburetor’s main metering circuit because it recognizes that an engine under heavy load needs more fuel (enrichment) than a lightly loaded engine, so it’s already a little smarter than our "bare-bones" carburetor.
Most EFI systems enable you to type in the air/fuel required across the usable rpm and load range of the engine. More sophisticated EFI systems use feedback from a wide-band oxygen sensor (WBO2), installed at the header collector, to monitor and display the actual air/fuel ratio. The actual versus mapped air/fuel ratio is displayed as a percent correction. If a standard narrow-band oxygen sensor is used, the computer can only display air/fuel ratios in a narrow range, so tuning is slightly more difficult. Either way, the benefit of any O2 feedback signal (closed loop) is a huge advantage in tuning and performance.

Choke:

As you might have guessed, there’s no choke butterfly attached to a multi-port EFI throttle body--it’s all done with electronics. Tweaking the "Cranking Fuel" graph changes how long the injectors stay open, and consequently, how much fuel the engine is fed.

Conclusion:

The bottom line is that EFI systems and carburetors all need to do the same things to make an engine run, and once you get past the fear of that little black box, it’s apparent that EFI provides a level of versatility and ease of tuning that even the best carburetors can’t touch.

Ayrton Senna - the Legend

Legend” the word itself means actions or happenings associated wit an individual that defy all possibilities of real world. Some individuals are born Legends, while some transform their lives to turn it into a legend. Only a few however, are able to redefine the term Legend itself. Ayrton Senna da Silva is one of those individuals.
Very recently world’s biggest automobile TV show “Top gear” presented its tribute to Ayrton Senna on the occasion of his 50th birthday if he were able to survive to this present day. This tribute inspired me to write this article. Mentioning about myself I’ve been a Formula 1 fan for the past seven years. With the passage of time I have been collecting technical information about the ultimate car technologies used in the world of F1 as well as gathering information about the drivers & their driving styles. Since the very beginning I’ve always appreciated Michael Schumacher’s ability just like millions globally, but the recent tribute on Top gear changed my perceptions.
Ayrton Senna was introduced to F1 in the year 1984 when he joined Toleman F1 team. He was gaining popularity due to his car control alongwith the aggressive driving style he possessed. One year later he left Toleman & joined Lotus F1 team in which he continued to race for the upcoming 3 years, polishing his skills & marking his authority firmly on F1 teams & drivers as a fierce competitor. He left Lotus F1 in 1987 & joined “McLaren” that led him to his 3 world championship titles. He left McLaren after 1993 season & joined Williams for the 1994 season, which proved unlucky for him & resulted in his death.
The era in which he was driving was the era of champion drivers. Unforgettable names like Nelson Piqet Snr.(3 times champion), Alain Prost(4 times champion), Niki Lauda (3 times champion), Nigel Mansell( 1 time champion) & Michel Schumacher who went on & became 7 time world champion. Also its worth mentioning that the cars used at that time had more power than the F1 cars of today, very less safety parameters, very few or none electronic aid to facilitate safe driving & generated very less downforce as compared to the cars of today.
After considering all these facts & figures it is hard to distinguish between him & the greats of his time & this is where his driving style stepped in to take him ahead of his rivals of that era. It is very much visible in his driving that he was a master when it came to “throttle control”, no matter what the conditions were; no matter it rained or not he made his moves stick while driving. He made even the most difficult to drive F1 cars to behave well under his driving style. This was the fact of his success & this was the reason why drivers intending to overtake him had to take risks while trying to get his position.
His greatness is accepted by all. The drivers of today, the drivers before him & the drivers who drove with him. Rubens Barrichello & Felipe Massa the two of modern Brazilian F1 drivers accept his greatness along with Fernando Alonso, Robert Kubica, Jackie Stewart & the great Michael Schumacher himself. Once I remember a comment of Jackie Stewart saying “Michael Schumacher isn’t the greatest F1 driver ever, he wins more championships today because he does not receive that big competition in modern F1, Senna is way better than him.” Back then, I had no idea of the fact this comment actually represented. Lewis Hamilton the 2008 F1 champion when asked whether he would have liked it to be in the era of all those great drivers? he was speechless for a second & then in reply just said “Crazy”. That says it all.
Bruno “Senna”, Jacques “Villeneuve” & “Nelson Piquet” jnr, are some names of today’s racing world. The legacy of the names they carry along with their names does not reflect in their driving abilities. Nelson Piquet jnr. Son of the great nelson Piquet snr, made it into & out of F1 due to his bad performance, Jacques Villeneuve the son of Gilles Villeneuve never was able to establish his authority in F1 due to his driving abilities, instead depended heavily on the abilities of his team. Bruno Senna the nephew of the great Ayrton Senna is racing these days in F1 but without demonstrating the legacy associated with his name.

The cars of today’s formula 1 grid are much safer than that which caused Ayrton Senna his death, but we don’t find anyone today who comes close to match the talent he possessed. To his nation he was known as a person who spent millions in charity & as a sporting legend, but we will remember him as the greatest driver of all times. Long live the memories of the legend Senna.